Saving Money

Saving Money is the most important thing in your life. It secures your whole life. Are you thinking about how? Then, you can get its detailed information from the site below. Please click on the link to know details.
Spend Less and Save More
In general, like you don't have a saving and if you want it in any emergency. Then what will you do? Had you done some savings, it would surely secure your life. So saving is the most important think. And thinking how to save? Then, putting the money in bank is the best method for this. Contact your any bank for more details. Even you can get some interest, if you put money in bank.

Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems.Computer engineers usually have training in electronic or electrical engineering,software designs, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also how they integrate into the larger picture.
Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems. Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.
The first accredited computer engineering degree program in the United States was established at Case Western Reserve University in 1971. As of October 2004, there were 170 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the US.In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies part of the EQANIE network. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers, who can concurrently design hardware, software, firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curricula. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and sciences is necessary for computer engineers.
In many institutions, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year, because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one year of General Engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus

Faster, lighter computers possible with nanotechnology

Orlando Auciello uses this unique system, developed at Argonne, to understand ferroelectric thin film growth and interface processes critical to fabrication of smart cards based on ferroelectric random access memories. Individual atoms can be detected as they land on a substrate surface.

Smaller, lighter computers and an end to worries about electrical failures sending hours of on-screen work into an inaccessible limbo mark the potential result of Argonne research on tiny ferroelectric crystals.
"Tiny" means billionths of a meter, or about 1/500th the width of a human hair. These nanomaterials behave differently than their larger bulk counterparts. Argonne researchers have learned that they are more chemically reactive, exhibit new electronic properties and can be used to create materials that are stronger, tougher and more resistant to friction and wear than bulk materials.
Improved nano-engineered ferroelectric crystals could realize a 50-year-old dream of creating nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). The first fruits of it can be seen in Sony's PlayStation 2 and in smart cards now in use in Brazil, China and Japan. A simple wave of a smart card identifies personnel or pays for gas or public transportation.
Computing applications
RAM – random access memory – is used when someone enters information or gives a command to the computer. It can be written to as well as read but - with standard commercial technology - holds its content only while powered by electricity.
Argonne materials scientists have created and are studying nanoscale crystals of ferroelectric materials that can be altered by an electrical field and retain any changes.
Ferroelectric materials – so called, because they behave similarly to ferromagnetic materials even though they don't generally contain iron – consist of crystals whose low symmetry causes spontaneous electrical polarization along one or more of their axes. The application of voltage can change this polarity. Ferroelectric crystals can also change mechanical to electrical energy– the piezoelectric effect – or electrical energy to optical effects.
A strong external electrical field can reverse the plus and minus poles of ferroelectric polarization. The crystals hold their orientation until forced to change by another applied electric field. Thus, they can be coded as binary memory, representing "zero" in one orientation and "one" in the other.
Because the crystals do not revert spontaneously, RAM made with them would not be erased should there be a power failure. Laptop computers would no longer need back-up batteries, permitting them to be made still smaller and lighter. There would be a similar impact on cell phones.
Achieving such permanence is a long-standing dream of the computer industry.
"Companies such as AT&T, Ford, IBM, RCA and Westinghouse Electric made serious efforts to develop non-volatile RAMs in the 1950s, but couldn't achieve commercial use," said Argonne researcher Orlando Auciello. "Back then, NVRAMs were based on expensive ferroelectric single crystals, which required substantial voltage to switch their polarity. This, and cross talk inherent in the then recently devised row matrix address concept, made them impractical.
"Working on the nanoscale changes this," said Auciello. "It means higher density memories with faster speeds and megabyte (the amount of memory needed to store one million characters of information) - or even gigabyte (one billion bytes) - capacity. It's not clear how soon such capacity will be available, but competition is heavy, stakes are high, and some companies claim they will have the first fruits of this research within two years."

Computer and science

We live in the age of science. It is due to science that man is leading a comfortable and secured life, unlike the life his ancestors struggled to get through.   Without Science our lives would be going nowhere. We would be struggling a great deal if it was not for all the scientific theories and knowledge possessed by humans. Our safety would be at a very high risk and our society would be utterly frustrated. We would not be able to classify substance based on their properties or their toxic effects. Inseparable parts of our lives such as the internet, television, the computer and aero planes est. are all gifts of science.

It is due to science that the earth has become smaller in our perception of it. Even time and vast spans of land have been conquered by science. For example, we can now reach distant locations in a few hours using modern transportation, and reach places humans of ancient times could never dream of. Even our domestic life has been changed by science, now we cook our food harvested from plant domestication on gas stoves instead of gathering in a cave and cooking hunted meat over primitive fireplaces. Man has achieved great success by conquering space, our footprints on the moon is but one of the testimonies to our abilities and potential. In developed countries, most of the domestic work is done by robotic instruments. And the ubiquitous computer is just one of the latest significant achievements of our scientists.
In the medical field science has brought numerous advances. X ray machines and other equipments help doctors in revealing the inner portions of the body. Science is being applied in the agricultural fields and tractors have taken the place of traditional bullocks and plough, saving time and precious energy. Through the advancement of science we not longer feel heat in summer and cold in winter in the comfort of our own homes. It has revolutionized our society and our interactions.

Computer makes life easier

Since the beginning of time technology has helped us out as a human race. From the invention of the wheel to the Internet, technology has been a great factor on the way our civilization has grown. With more and more technological advances just around the corner, our civilization will continue to grow faster and faster than ever before. Computers make life easier for people everyday. They help us to do tasks quicker and communicate with friends and family with the click on a button. Computers play a significant role in the school system as well. They help students to learn more efficiently and help them do their work. Computers offer the Internet which helps students research information for projects they may have. School computers also offer programs which can help anyone learn. An example of this is the program All The Right Type. This program helps students as well as teachers, to learn how to type faster and more efficiently. Also there are other programs which younger students can go on to help them with developing and reinforcing their math skills and reading skills. Programs like Math Circus and matching the word with the picture. Programs like these make it easy to understand and use computers, yet it also makes learning fun. Computers also make writing and doing homework easier to complete. With spell check and other spelling tools, it makes it easier and faster to complete work. This is because you are not spending all your time going through your homework looking for spelling mistakes, because the computer automatically does it for you, making your life easier.

Computer Crime

Computer Crime

Computer Crime


Computer crimes need to be prevented and halted thought increased
computer network security measures as well as tougher laws and enforcement of
those laws in cyberspace:

Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through
special knowledge of computer technology.   All that is required is a personal
computer, a modem, and a phone line.   Increasing instances of white-collar crime
involve computers as more businesses automate and information becomes an
important asset. Computers are objects of crime when they or their contents are
damaged, as when terrorists attack computer centers with explosives or gasoline,
or when a "computer virus"--a program capable of altering or erasing computer
memory--is introduced into a computer system.   As subjects of crime, computers
represent the electronic environment in which frauds are programmed and
executed;   an example is the transfer of money balances in accounts to
perpetrators' accounts for withdrawal.

Life without computer

LIFE WITHOUT COMPUTERS
First of all, with no computer or internet to retreat to, the temporarily computer-deprived person finds hours to rediscover personal interests. The stack of books on the bedside table looks inviting again. He can go to the library and find the books that he is interested in reading. Then, the computer-free person rediscovers hobbies and crafts projects abandoned months ago. He can finally dust off that old armchair that has needed repair for many years. In addition, instead of procrastinating with completing that overdue report, the guilt-ridden person starts making notes by hand._ Moreover, in doing so, rediscover the old art of handwriting_.
Second, each person who has ever suffered computer- loss realizes the same thing: not all that household work went away; it is just waiting to be tackled. _ He can start to clean the stuff that is left behind like, wash the dishes, clean the floor and do the laundry._ They check out those pages of to do lists. Checking the mailbox and cooking the meal and organizing closets, drawers, and CD and DVD collections suddenly looks like an idea whose time has come. Organizing them in order neatly so that they can be easily found in the future is a worthwhile task.
Finally, and probably most important, life without a computer leads to rediscovering other people. Instead of lurking at a desk in the cool glow of a screen, the tech-free person starts spending time with others in the house. He begins to rediscover the lost art of cooking, listening to music and exercising. Moreover, simple social pastimes like board games and cards start to be fun again. He can once again discover favorite old family pastimes. Because there is no itch to check the inbox, and no distracting websites to view, the urge to actually go out and see friends suddenly seems appealing. He can visit a friend not seen for a long time and go shopping together or go to the theater.

Use of Computer

Use of Computers:

Many of the routine activities in today’s society are being performed by computers. For example, when we go on holiday our seats are often reserved with a computer. The traffic in the some major cities is, to a large degree controlled by computer. Many of the bills we pay are calculated and printed by a computer. Hence computer has marked a new era in the history of development of man’s life.

Because of its extremely high seed, a computer can carry out calculation in just a few minutes that would require months perhaps even years if carried by hand. This very high speed is accompanied by an equally high level of reliability. Thus a computer practically never makes a mistake of its own accord. Computers are devices which process information very fast. These machines can be programmed and can be made to perform repetitive type of calculations consistently, accurately and speedily.

Computers cannot ‘think’ in the way humans can do. They can do what they are told. Finally, it is important to appreciate the once a computer has been given a piece of information, it is always capable of ‘remembering’ it at any time. In this sense, it is far superior to human being. The computer, however, can always find any piece of information that it has in store, and this data can be reproduced tomorrow, or in years to come, exactly in its original form provided that nobody has deliberately changed it.

Writing of a programme is essential for computer, and it is the job of a specialist. A computer programme is the complete list of instructions which the computer performs in order to solve a problem. There are many different languages that can be used to programme a computer.

Classification of Computer

(a) Analog Computer:
The computers that use signals as input are called analog computers. The signals are the temperature, pressure, speed, etc. Signals flow continuously in these computers. However, signals can also be fed in these computers for the purpose of processing. The examples of analog computers are thermometer, speedometer, etc.
(b) Digital Computers:
Digital computers accept digits and alphabets as inputs; therefore, these are called digital computers. For example, computers used in business purpose are digital computers because data are inserted in the form of digits and alphabets.
(c) Hybrid Computers:
Variations are found in methods of applications. If you want to observe the variation in signals, it becomes rather difficult. Because variations in signals are very small that is why these cannot be checked manually.
But the action is to be taken very fast. It makes impossible for a man to act within the required time. Now it can be done by hybrid computers which deal with such applications.
Hybrid computers require two types of inputs: (i) signals of which variations are to be monitored, and (ii) instructions for monitoring and doing the actions. Instructions are in the form of digits and alphabets. Therefore, hybrid computers use signals, digits and alphabets as input.
For example, levels of radioactivity in an atomic reactor are measured by a computer. A hybrid computer needs the level of radioactivity as input i.e. signal. In computer instructions are given in the form of digits and alphabets the basic arithmetic and logical operation in the memory. Thus, they are very versatile in performing the functions.

Types of Computer

First Generation Computers:

In 1854, George Boole, invented the logic system which is the basis for today’s digital computers. In 1937, the first electro-machine calculator was developed by Howard and Aitten. In 1946, the first computer came into existence. It was named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It was developed by Dr. John Nouchly and J.P. Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania, USA. In 1951, Remington Rand Corporation of USA brought out a commercial computer named UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). These computers had the shortcoming of value technology. They were slow in operations and unreliable. These computers were named the first generation equipment.

Better Computers:

Transistor Technology gave advent of second generation of computers. These were smaller in size, but more reliable and had higher speed of operation. A 2nd generation computer consisted of IBN-370 type. The fourth generation computer, presently manufactured by USA, Japan and other European and Asian countries are based on large scale integration. Better computers are under trial in USA and Japan. These are based on artificial intelligence. They will think the human brain, collect most information from their reservoir of memory, and make expert judgment and decisions.

Introduction:

Computer is an electronic machine and a mechanical device which can store, retrieve and manipulate the 'data' with high speed and accuracy according to a list of instructions called 'programmes'.
It is a device that processes the data. Due to technological advancement, modern electronic computers are exponentially more capable than those of preceding generations. However, it does the following function during data processing.
(i) It accepts the data from the users called 'input'.
(ii) It accepts instructions from the users input'.
(iii) It converts the data into information 'processing'.
(iv) It displays the results as 'output'.
It means that a computer performs all the work in an integrated way.
Input Unit ->Processing Unit -> Output Unit

Origin of Computer:

Charles Babbage developed the first analytical engine in 1812. This machine had the concepts of modern computers namely memory, arithmetic unit and capacity to handle stored program. But this machine could not be put into practical applications due to technological limitations tat that time.

Classification of Computers:
There are different types of inputs that computers accept. On this basis, computers can be classified into three types: analog computer, digital computer and hybrid computer.